Characteristics of an Effective School Principal

Attributes of an Effective School Principal A school administrators work is adjusted between being fulfilling and testing. It is a troublesome activity, and like any employment, there are individuals who can't deal with it. There are sure qualities of an exceptionally successful head that a few people don't have. Other than the undeniable expert prerequisites expected to turn into a head, there are a few attributes that great administrators have permitting them to carry out their responsibility effectively. Every one of these attributes shows themselves in the day by day obligations of a head. An exceptionally powerful chief will have every one of the accompanying seven characteristics. A Principal Must Exhibit Leadership This is a trademark that each chief must have. The chief is the instructional pioneer of their structure. A decent pioneer needs to assume liability for the victories and disappointments of her school. A decent pioneer places the requirements of others before her own. A decent pioneer is continually hoping to improve her school and afterward makes sense of how to make those upgrades paying little mind to how troublesome it may be. Administration characterizes how effective any school is. A school without a solid head will probably fall flat, and a chief who isn't a pioneer will end up without an occupation rapidly. A Principal Must Be Adept at Building Relationships With People On the off chance that you dont like individuals you shouldnt be a head. You must have the option to interface with every individual you manage regularly. You need to discover shared belief and win their trust. There are numerous gatherings of individuals that directors manage day by day including their administrator, instructors, bolster staff, guardians, understudies, and network individuals. Each gathering requires an alternate methodology, and people inside a gathering are one of a kind in their own right. No one can tell who is going to stroll into your office next. Individuals come in with an assortment of feelings including joy, bitterness, and outrage. You must have the option to manage every one of those circumstances successfully by interfacing with the individual and giving him that you care about his exceptional circumstance. He needs to accept that you will do whatever you can to improve his circumstance. A Principal Must Balance Tough Love With Earned Praise This is particularly evident with your understudies and your educators. You cannot be a weakling, implying that you let individuals pull off unremarkableness. You need to set desires high and hold those you are accountable for to those equivalent principles. This implies there will be times when you need to condemn individuals and likely hurt their emotions. It is a piece of the activity that isnt wonderful, however it is fundamental on the off chance that you need to run a successful school. Simultaneously, you should offer commendation when it is suitable. Dont neglect to tell those educators who are making a phenomenal showing that you welcome them. Make sure to perceive understudies who exceed expectations in the zones of scholastics, authority or potentially citizenship. A remarkable chief can inspire utilizing a mix of both of these methodologies. A Principal Must Be Fair and Consistent Nothing can remove your validity more rapidly than being conflicting by they way you handle comparative circumstances. While no two cases are the very same, you need to consider how you have taken care of other comparative circumstances and proceed on that equivalent track. Understudies, specifically, know how you handle understudy order, and they make correlations starting with one case then onto the next. On the off chance that you are not reasonable and predictable, they will get down on you about it. Be that as it may, it is reasonable that history will impact a chiefs choice. For instance, in the event that you have an understudy who has been in numerous battles and contrast her with an understudy who has just had one battle, at that point you are advocated in giving the understudy with different battles a more drawn out suspension. Thoroughly consider every one of your choices, record your thinking and be readied when somebody questions or can't help contradicting them. A Principal Must Be Organized and Prepared Every day presents a novel arrangement of difficulties and being sorted out and arranged is fundamental to meeting those difficulties. You manage such a significant number of factors as a vital that sloppiness will prompt ineffectualness. No day is unsurprising. This makes being sorted out and arranged a basic quality. Every day you despite everything need to come in with an arrangement or a plan for the day with the understanding that you will most likely just get around 33% of those things done. You additionally must be set up for pretty much anything. At the point when you are managing that numerous individuals, there are such a significant number of impromptu things that can happen. Having strategies and methodology set up to manage circumstances is a piece of the vital arranging and planning to be successful. Association and arrangement will help decrease pressure when you are managing troublesome or extraordinary circumstances. A Principal Must Be an Excellent Listener No one can tell when an irate understudy, a disappointed parent or a steamed instructor is going to stroll into your office. You must be set up to manage those circumstances, and that begins with being an outstanding audience. You can incapacitate most troublesome circumstances just by giving them that you care enough to tune in to what they need to state. At the point when somebody needs to meet with you since they feel wronged somehow or another, you have to listen to them. This doesnt imply that you let them slam someone else persistently. You can be firm on not letting them disparage an educator or understudy, however permit them to vent without being ill bred to someone else. Be eager to go the following stage in helping them settle their issue. Some of the time that may be interceding between two understudies who have had a contradiction. At times it may be having a conversation with an educator to get his side of a story and afterward handing-off that to the parent. Everything starts with tuning in. A Principal Must Be a Visionary​ Instruction is ever-developing. There is continually something greater and better accessible. In the event that you are not endeavoring to improve your school, you are not carrying out your responsibility. This will consistently be a progressing procedure. Regardless of whether you have been at a school for a long time, there are still things you can do to improve the general nature of your school. Every individual segment is a working piece of the bigger system of the school. Every one of those parts should be oiled now and then. You may need to supplant a section that isn't working. Sporadically you may even ready to redesign a current part that was carrying out its responsibility since something better was created. You never need to be stale. Indeed, even your best educators can show signs of improvement. You must see that nobody gets settled and that everybody is attempting to improve persistently.

Tips for How to Prepare for an Oral Exam

Tips for How to Prepare for an Oral Exam Oral examsâ€tests during which educators ask understudies to answer test inquiries aloudâ€can be without a doubt unpleasant, yet there are various approaches to get ready for nontraditional testing or revealing techniques like this. In spite of the fact that oral tests are generally basic for language students, they are progressively common across different subjects since they permit instructors to provide food prospectuses to understudies with an assortment ofâ learning styles. Key Takeaways Remain positive during your test preparations.Oral tests can be upsetting, however they are important practice for potential future interviews.Know your subject better than you might suspect you need, and work on utilizing development purposefully to stress your fundamental points.Don’t neglect to eat well, rest enough, and drink a lot of water paving the way to your test. Exercise can likewise help discharge apprehensive energy.Take your time responding to inquiries during your test, and don’t be reluctant to request help on the off chance that you need it!â Remain Positive Rather than confusing yourself about what might turn out badly, remind yourself the amount you have realized and what you get the opportunity to impart to your educator. A hopeful standpoint can exile nerves and carry fervor to any test. Regardless of whether you incline toward customary pen-and-paper tests, oral tests can assist you with prevailing past the homeroom. They furnish you with important meeting like understanding to set you up to crush your future instructive and vocation objectives. Here are a couple of tips and deceives to assist you with getting ready for your next oral exam.â Know Your Subject Effectively finishing an oral test begins with realizing the material you will talk about. The best part about these sorts of tests is that you as of now have all the appropriate responses. Instructors won’t ask you anything you haven’t been educated, so you will just need to examine the material that has been introduced to you in talks, content, and video. All things considered, there are a couple of things that will facilitate a portion of the weight of discussing this educated material.â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Burrow Deeper The most ideal approach to begin getting ready for an oral test is to take an individual enthusiasm for the material. Find out about your subject than what is compulsory will assist you with foreseeing addresses that your educator may inquire. It will likewise give you more to discuss. Get familiar with the foundation story of verifiable figures, creators, researchers, and voyagers, regardless of whether you don’t think you have to. A significant number of the world’s most prominent numerical and logical disclosures were just made in light of something that occurred in the discoverer’s individual life. Did you realize that Darwin was going to turn down his excursion to the Galapagos since his dad objected? The individual we need to thank for On the Origin of Species is Darwin’s uncle (and father-in-law) who solidly trusted Darwin’s disclosures would give proof to help Biblical claims.â Not exclusively does burrowing further give you a superior comprehension of your point, yet you likewise have progressively substance to discuss. On the off chance that you if completely comprehend the ins and out of your subject, you won’t ever come up short on things to say.â Foresee Questions Since you know your subject, you can start to mull over what your instructor may ask you. The best spot to begin is with the material you as of now have. Utilize past tests and tests, article prompts, and even the inquiries toward the finish of sections to assist you with defining answers. It will likewise be useful for you to comprehend the general subject and motivation behind your test. Knowing the reason for your examâ€the subject on which you are being testedâ€makes creating answers simpler in light of the fact that you have an objective at the top of the priority list. For instance, if your topography instructor asks you how the atmosphere and land highlight influenced the U.S. troops in Vietnam, you realize that your answer ought to be worked off of mountains, streams, and climate designs more than the achievement or disappointment of the soldiers on the grounds that the test is about topography. So also, your French educator may get some information about a film you as of late observed, however the substance of the film doesn’t matter as much as your capacity to conjugate action words and utilize the past tense. When anticipating questions, recollect that one inquiry can best posed to a hundred distinct ways. Words like blueprint, portray, and detail are various methods of saying â€Å"tell me about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Be set up for these trigger words by asking yourself a similar inquiry a couple of various ways. â€Å"Chunk† Your Content While making your answers, attempt to â€Å"chunk† or amass bits of data instead of attempting to recollect everything in general. Consider the manner in which a book is writtenâ€not as one enormous bit of content, however a story isolated into absorbable bits with a consistent idea that integrates them all. Transform your test into a story so when your instructors gets some information about the financial atmosphere of Thailand after colonization, you can finish your string your story without being overpowered, and you can undoubtedly review and answer certainly that Thailand was rarely actually colonized. Utilize Intentional Movements It is totally typical to move around when you are nervousâ€to squirm with your garments, to not sit still, to pace back and forthâ€because development is an approach to discharge a portion of that anxious vitality, yet it can cheapen what you are stating on the grounds that your test executive is progressively centered around your activities. So as to battle interruption while as yet discharging apprehensive vitality, practice purposeful developments. Heads up The best and least demanding approach to rehearse is to initially know how you move. Sit or remain before a mirror or utilize a camera or a mobile phone to you can record and re-watch yourself addressing questions. Don’t ponder how you ought to or shouldn’t move; this is only a self-evaluation. When you see how you will in general discharge anxious vitality, you can find a way to make your developments progressively deliberate and valuable for your test. Watch Others The best moderators and speakers on the planet aren’t the individuals who sit or stand totally still, but instead the individuals who use development and nonverbal correspondence to underscore what they are stating. For instance, speakers will regularly take three or four long walks toward the crowd to underscore the significance what they are stating. They use hand motions and outward appearances that add to the importance of comprehension of a theme. Prior to your oral test, set aside some effort to watch different speakers and moderators. This can be as basic as watching TED Talks on YouTube. Note how speakers sit, stand, or walk, how they motion, and how they answer questions. Create Intentional Movement Work on addressing addresses utilizing developments and nonverbal correspondence that you have watched. Lay paper on the floor or under your seat to make you increasingly aware of your developments. On the off chance that you can’t appear to consistent your hands, clutch a paperclip during your test. What's more, recall, development to discharge anxious vitality is entirely ordinary, and the most significant concentration for your oral test is the substance, not your signals. Physical and Mental Wellness You may have gone through days, weeks, or even months getting ready for your test, yet in the event that you drink an excessive amount of espresso or don’t get enough rest, all that planning could be futile. Recollect that dealing with yourself, both truly and intellectually, is reflected in your capacities and how you perform. Deal with your psyche and body, and thusly, they will deal with you.â Sustenance In the days paving the way to your test, drink enough water (focus on eight huge glasses each day), get enough rest (grown-ups need no under seven hours of rest for every night), and eat entire, solid nourishments. On the morning of the test, eat a light, invigorating breakfast, and cutoff your caffeine consumption. You don’t need any extra jitters!â Exercise Recall that anxious vitality we discussed before? It is brought about by cortisol, the pressure hormone. Expanding your pulse wipes out cortisol. On the off chance that you can, attempt to get to the exercise center in the days paving the way to your exam.â Introduction There is something to be said about the clichã ©, dress well, test well. Select your garments the prior night so you don’t need to mishandle through your storage room in the first part of the day. Wear something agreeable and breathable that you won’t need to pull at during your exam.â Take as much time as is needed Educators terminating inquiries at you can feel overpowering, yet recollect that there is no compelling reason to race into your answers. Pause for a minute after each question to process what data has recently been mentioned from you and compose your contemplations as needs be. On the off chance that your educator requests that you depict Christopher Columbus’s journey to the Americas, pause for a minute to review what your think about Columbus. You know how the journey was supported, you know the names of the boats, you realize to what extent the excursion took in light of the fact that you arranged for the test. Since your considerations are all together, start to recount to your educator the narrative of the amazing journey over the sea.â Request Help Your instructors and educators need you to succeed. They are there to assist you with arriving at your objectives and set you up for future profession attempts. Visit them previously or after school, during breaks, at lunch, or during available time. Meet with them on the off chance that you are confounded or stuck or you just need to talk through a thought. Instructors are additionally regularly the ones overseeing the oral tests, which means they have made the standards yo

Morality of Active Euthinasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical quality of Active Euthinasia - Essay Example Dynamic willful extermination is now and then called kindness murdering though the doctors end the patients’ life straightforwardly, for example, by giving deadly infusion. The detached one is conveyed by closure any life continuing treatment. The aftereffect of the two cases is the equivalent, the passing of the patients. In any case, some can contend that the previous is brought about by the doctor while the last by the infection. The ordinary teaching is that there is such a significant good distinction between the two that, in spite of the fact that the last is now and then allowable, the previous is constantly illegal. (Rachels 78) As I would like to think, the ethical quality of dynamic willful extermination really relies upon the circumstance. In some uncommon cases while the patient endures extraordinary agony and has positively no expectation of enduring, dynamic killing, in spite of the fact that it is unlawful, can be viewed as a demonstration of graciousness. This kindness murdering is, in some sense, much more merciful than inactive killing, while the doctors do without the life continuing treatment and let the patient endure to death. Be that as it may, much of the time, dynamic killing is totally unethical. Whenever there is an opportunity for the patients to recoup, regardless of how minor the possibility is, kindness murdering is clearly not the demonstration of sympathy. Regardless of whether the patient intentionally request it, as long as the opportunity to recoup is there, dynamic killing is still ethically off-base. The profound quality of dynamic willful extermination in singular cases can rely upon the circumstance. The ethical quality in the arrangement level, in any case, can't rely upon the circumstance. The inquiry whether it ought to be legitimized or not should just be replied subsequent to considering cautiously the potential results. In the event that dynamic killing is legitimized, it will produce great and terrible results. Regardless of whether the great ones exceed the awful ones or the inverse ought to be the principle worry to respond to the subject of sanctioning. Let’s manage the great results first. As indicated by Dan W. Brock, if dynamic willful extermination is legitimized, it implies

Report On Financial Modeling And Business Forecasting Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

In this FMBF essay, three equity market price indices, including FTSE350, TOPIX and OMX HELSINKI (OMXH), will be studied based on time series. For the accuracy of conclusion, this essay will use last decade data because latest available information and large sample can contribute to the precision of the study. Because the tradeoff between significant ARCH effects with very high order from daily data and low order but less significant ARCH effects due to the monthly data, the frequency of weekly data is more appropriate. In addition, closing data on Friday can avoid some evitable bias and result in higher reliability of the information. Therefore, the weekly data from Jan 2th 1998 to April 10th 2009 downloaded from DataStream will be used in this report. Instead of themselves, the natural logs of FTSE350, TOPIX and OMX HELSINKI (OMXH) equity market price indices will be used in this essay. This report will first test the unit root of three stock markets use Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test based on perrons testing procedure, and then it will find out the appropriate univariate model for estimating equity market returns of the three. After that, EG approach will used for testing cointegration between three indices. Where after, it will test whether there are the ARCH effects exist in the OMXH index, and re-estimate the appropriate univariate model mentioned above for OMXH index with a GARCH model. And, this report will use the last 15 observations to forecast the conditional mean and the conditio nal variance. Finally, it will critically compare the performance of the forecasts of different GARCH processes (eg, EGARCH, h_t GARCH) under same model. Unit root test Keeping the stationary of variables is an important condition of regression. When the data is not stationary, there is one or some unit roots exist in time series data. The presence of unit root will cause the problem of spurious regression. Usually, people can use one of two methods to test unit roots, either Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test approach (Said and Dickey, 1984), which developed from Dickey-Fuller (DF) approach (Dickey and Fuller, 1979), or Philip-Perron test created by Perron in 1998. The Perrons testing procedure increase restriction step by step, so that eliminate unnecessary parameters like trend and constant (these reductions of parameters will change the critical values of testing and reduce bias) and finally get precise conclusions (Harris and Sollis, 2003). Table 1.Perrons (1988) testing procedure using the DF test (unknown d.g.p.) C:DOCUME~1ADMINI~1LOCALS~1Temp7QWX`ZNVV)$8DZW6Y7_RD{P.jpgSource: Harris and Sollis, 2003 In this essay, it will use ADF test by using Perrons testing procedure to reduce bias. The only different between DF test and ADF test is the regressions of latter one have a new parameter Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ i Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾yt-1. Figure1. Perrons Procedure of Unit Root Test C:[emailprotected]]J9K_61XW(E6)S3.jpg Source: Harris and Sollis, 2003 At first step, unit root will be tested based on . This essay will choose the model with appropriate number of lags based on lowest Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) values for three indices. Then, compare t values of selected model with critical value at 95% significant level. From the results given by Pc Give, the null hypothesis of unit root cannot be rejected, the test process should continue. The appropriate number of lags is 7 for FTSE 350 and OMXH, 2 for TOPIX. Table 2. Step 1 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE 350 TOPIX OMXH (1) t-value -1.336 -0.9436 -2.031 (table) 5% critical value -3.42 Accept Accept Accept At second step, this report will do OLS by using regression used in first step of procedure and regression without trend. Based on F statistic value and of two regressions, we can found that the later one is better. All three indices cannot reject null hypothesis and move on to next step. Table 3. Step 2 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE 350 TOPIX OMXH (2) F-value 0.26500 0.64474 0.73237 (table) 5% critical value 6.25 Accept Accept Accept (2a) t-value 5% standard normal t critical value 1.96 At the third step, it test unit root with ADF test based on the model without trend. All three indices still cannot reject the null hypothesis. Table 4. Step 3 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE 350 TOPIX OMXH (3) t-value -1.400 -1.113 -2.312 (table) 5% critical value -2.86 Accept Accept Accept At the fourth step, we can found that constant is not the necessary part of the model when compare models and. All three indices can accept the null hypothesis and the test process should be continued. Table 5. Step 4 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE 350 TOPIX OMXH (4) F-value 1.0622 0.75515 2.6918 (table) 5% critical value 4.59 Accept Accept Accept (4a) t-value 5% standard normal t critical value 1.96 Finally, it tests unit root in the model without constant and trend by using ADF test. From table 2, we can see that all three indices are non-stationary, and there are must be some unit roots in them. Table 6. Step 5 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE350 TOPIX OMXH (4a) t-value 5% standard normal t critical value 1.96 (5) t-value -0.4605 -0.6288 0.06988 (table) 5% critical value -1.94 Accept Accept Accept Univariate model The purpose of this part is to identify an appropriate univariate model to estimate equity market returns in time series. This report will use Box-Jenkins methodology (Box and Jenkins, 1970) for time series model building. The procedure includes three stages: identification, model estimation and diagnostic checking. The first step is identification: the first order difference of the nature log of PI is market return. Because only stationary data can used in ARMA time series models, before ARMA model estimation, this essay will use ADF test to check the unit roots of market returns. The ACF and PACF diagrams may help to find appropriate ARMA model. The second step is model estimation: we should pick up the most appropriate model from a number of set possible ARMA models estimated by using Pc Give. In this stage, we should compare p-values and choose the model that most coefficients of parameters are significant from zero. The third step is diagnostic checking, it will test the efficiency of ARMA model selected in the second stage. It should test whether both additional lags are significant or not. According to Harris and Sollis (2003), only all additional parameters are insignificant, the original ARMA(p,q) model is efficient. Moreover, the residuals should be white noise for an adequate model. In this report, AIC will be used as one criteria to select appropriate model. 2.1 FTSE350 Identification According to the results of ADF test from Pc Give, market returns of FTSE350 are stationary. The actual series, ACF and PACF diagrams prove the results from ADF test that the FTSE 350 market return has no unit root at all. Table 7. ADF test on market return of FTSE350 index FTSE350 t-value -9.526 5% critical value -3.42 Reject Figure 2. Actual series and ACF, PACF of DLFTSE350 GiveWin Graphics 1.emf Estimation Compared with other models, ARMA (1, 1) seems to be appropriate. Based on p-values, most coefficients are significant. And residuals are white noise. DLFTSE350t=-0.0002577150.913851DLFTSE350t-1+0.854708 Diagnostic Overfitting Information from table indicated that ARMA (1, 1) is the correct one. The additional parameters AR2 and MA2 in ARMA (2, 1) and ARMA (1, 2) are insignificant. Both ARMA (2, 1) and ARMA (1, 2) should be rejected. Table 8. Overfitting test on ARMA (1,1) model Model Statistic t-value p-value result ARMA(2,1) AR_2 0.503 0.615 insignificant ARMA(1,2) MA_2 0.503 0.615 Insignificant Residual analysis Under Ljung-Box test statistic (Qk), Chi^2(21) = 28.353 [0.1304] in model ARMA (1, 1) provides evidence that residuals are white noise and independent. Figure 3. Actual series, ACF and PACF of DLFTSE350s residuals Giv eWin Graphicsftse350.emf AIC Value When compared the AIC values of ARMA (1, 1), ARMA (2, 1) and ARMA (1, 2), we can found that ARMA (1, 1) is the model with lowest AIC value and should be selected. It is consistent with the results above. Table 9. AIC of ARMA (p, q) ARMA(1,1) ARMA(2,1) ARMA(1,2) AIC -4.52046242 -4.5174036 -4.51740249 2.2 TOPIX Identification The results from Pc Give shows that market return series of TOPIX is stationary. Figure 4 provides the actual series, ACF and PACF diagrams from Pc Give. All information is consistent with the idea of no unit-root in TOPIX market return. Table 10. ADF test on market return of TOPIX index TOPIX t-value -16.14 5% critical value -3.42 Reject Figure 4. Actual series and ACF and PACF of DLTOPIX GiveWin Graphics2.emf Estimation We can found that ARMA (1, 1) is the best one in ARMA models. Most of coefficients of parameters in ARMA (1, 1) are significant from zero based on P values. DLTOPIXt=-0.000570574-0.530279 DLTOPIXt-1+0.448276 Diagnostic Overfitting The p-values of both additional parameters AR_2 and MA_2 are greater than 0.05, it means that the coefficients of AR_2 and MA_2 are not significant at 95% significant level. So we should reject ARMA (2, 1) and ARMA (1, 2) in favor of ARMA (1, 1). Table 11. Overfitting test on ARMA (1,1) model Model Statistic t-value p-value result ARMA(2,1) AR_2 1.05 0.296 insignificant ARMA(1,2) MA_2 -0.00 1.000 insignificant Residual analysis From Portmanteau(23): Chi^2(21)= 21.585 [0.4238] in ARMA (1, 1) model, we can find that there is no serial correlation between residuals and they are white noise. None of bar chart i n ACF or PACF exceeds standard error bounds. Figure 5. Actual series, ACF, PACF of DLTOPIXs residuals GiveWin Graphicstopix.emf AIC value The result of AIC is same as the outcome mentined above. Based o AIC, we can found that ARMA (1, 1) is the best model with lowest AIC value. Table 12. AIC of ARMA (p, q) ARMA(1,1) ARMA(2,1) ARMA(1,2) AIC -4.24323212 -4.24138739 4.23974138 2.3OMXH (OMX HELSINKI) Identification Market return of OMXH is stationary from ADF test. And the figure 6 shows the actual series, ACF and PACF of DLOMXH by using Pc Give. It provide positive evidence that there is no unit root in DLOMXH (market return) Table 13. ADF test on market return of OMXH index OMXH t-value -7.920 5% critical value -3.42 Reject Figure 6. Actual series, ACF, PACF of DLOMXHs residuals GiveWin Graphics3.emf Estimation Based on results from Pc Give, we can found that the most appropriate model is ARMA (2, 2) for OMX HELSINKI (OMXH). Most coefficients of parameters are significant from zero at 95% significant level with evidence that most P values of them are less than 0.05. DLOMXHt=0.000804126+1.52249DLOMXHt-1-0.662672DLOMXHt-2-1.53479 +0.708503 Diagnostic Overfitting Looking at p-values, we can found that ARMA (3, 2) and ARMA (2, 3) should be rejected because the coefficients of additional parameters AR_3 and MA_3 are both insignificant from zero. Table 14. Overfitting test on ARMA (2,2) model Model Statistic t-value p-value result ARMA(3,2) AR_3 0.932 0.352 insignificant ARMA(2,3) MA_3 0.604 0.546 insignificant Residual analysis We can see that Portmanteau (23): Chi^2(19) = 28.866 [0.0681]. When translating numerical result to written words, it means residuals are not serial correlated and close to white noise. ACF and PACF are within two standard error bounds. Figure 7.Actual series, ACF, PACF of DLMOXHs residuals GiveWin Graphicsresidualomxh.emf AIC value Under the method that chooses the model with lowest AIC value, still ARMA (2, 2) should be the best model. Table 16. AIC of ARMA (p, q) ARMA(2,2) ARMA(3,2) ARMA(2,3) AIC -3.34659081 -3.33848893 -3.34351931 Cointegration 3.1Key steps in EG approach There are two common methodologies on cointegration test: Engle-Granger approach and Johansen approach. EG approach can but can only adopted in single equation with two variables, and Johansen approach is used in multivariate system. In this report, it will pursue EG approach. Firstly, it will outline the procedure of EG approach. And then, it will test the cointegration between each two indices. In theory, C:DOCUME~1ADMINI~1LOCALS~1TempKXB{][email  protected]/* */)W.jpgis the only static model that necessary to be estimated to exam the long-run relationship between Yt and Xt. Before do the cointegration test, the order of integration of each other index should be test. If all data are belong to I(0), there will no cointegtaion between them; if variables are belong to I(1), it estimate the model mentioned above by using OLS regression. In the second step, it will test unit roots in the residuals with ADF test. When there is no cointegration between two variables, residual is belongs to I(1). If the residuals is belongs to I(0), it means that cointegration relationship exist in that single equation. What is important here is the critical values used by ADF are calculated by MacKinnon (1991). Critical value can be calculated by following the model C:DOCUME~1ADMINI~1LOCALS~1Temp641N%ER][email  protected]/* */[DB.jpg. It can get the appropriate critical value for test including residuals from OLS equation if the number of regressors (constant and trend are not included) from 1 to 6. If the cointegration existed in long-run relationship between two variables, we should estimate the simple dynamic model of short-run adjustments. In this report, it will use equilibrium correlation model (ECM) of dynamic model. In this step, the speed of adjustment for regression will be obtained. (Harris and Sollis, 2003) Test for integration of each two indices Three indices are all integrated of order 1, or we can call I (1), because the natural logs of them are not stationary and the first order difference of the natural logs of them are stationary. 3.2FTSE350 and TOPIX Firstly, it regress LFTSE350 on LTOPIX and a constant by using OLS regression. Then, save the cointegration regression residual in database as residual1. After that, test residual1 with ADF. We can see that the number of regressors is 1 (excluding constant). We choose model based on the idea of the lowest AIC value. From the table of ADF test, residual 1 is stationary and thus variables are cointegrated. Also, figure 8 from Pc Give shows persistent but stationary residuals. In short, these two indices are cointegrated. Constant and no trend, n=1 C(p)=-2.8621-2.738/563-8.36/563^2= = -2.86699 Table 16. ADF test on residual 1 Residual 1 t-value -3.181 5% critical value -2.86699 Reject Figure 8. Residuals from Cointegration regression between FTSE350 and TOPIX GiveWin GraphicsEG1.emf ECM The coefficient of residual provides information on the speed of adjustment. The number 0.0448954, which is significant from zero, means the adjustment for the regression. (See Appendix) 3.3TOPIX and OMXH Regress LTOPIX on LOMXH and a constant by using OLS. Then, save the cointegration regression residual in database as residual2. After that, use ADF to test residual. The number of regressors is 1 (excluding constant). We choose model based on the idea of the lowest AIC value and the t-value is-2.622. We found out that -2.86699 is less -2.622, the residual2 is non-stationary and two indices are not cointegrated. In addition, from graph, the residual2 provides clear information about stationary or non-stationary of data. In conclusion, there is no cointegration between TOPIX and OMXH. Constant and no trend, n=1 C(p)=-2.8621-2.738/563-8.36/563^2= = -2.86699 Table 17. ADF test on residual 2 Residual 2 t-value -2.622 5% critical value -2.86699 Accept Figure 9. Residuals from Cointegration regression between TOPIX and OMXH GiveWin GraphicsEG2.emf 3.4FTSE350 and OMXH Regress LFTSE on LOMXH and a constant by using OLS. Then, save the cointegration regression residual in database as residual3. After that, use ADF to test residual3. The number of regressors is 1 (excluding constant). From table of ADF test on residual 3, two indices are not cointegraed because the residual3 is non-stationary. From figure 10, it does not provide strong evidence for stationary. So, these two indices are not cointegrated. Constant and no trend, n=1 C(p)=-2.8621-2.738/563-8.36/563^2= = -2.86699 Table 18. ADF test on residual 3 Residual 3 t-value -2.278 5% critical value -2.86699 Accept Figure 10. Residuals from Cointegration regression between FTSE350 and OMXH GiveWin GraphicsEG3.emf ARCH and GARCH 4.1 ARCH effect and ARCH model This report will only discuss the OMXH stock market index in this section. Due to the limitation of Pc Give, it cannot deal with ARMA model of DLOMXH directly, but change it to AR model at first. Compared with other AR models, the AR (7) model is the best. DLOMXHt=0.000839271-0.00444882DLOMXHt-1+0.0369747DLOMXHt-2+ 0.0307856DLOMXHt-3+0.0258150DLOMXHt-4+0.141961DLOMXHt-5 +0.0693818 DLOMXHt-6 -0.0841123 DLOMXHt-7 Under Ljung-Box test statistic (Qk), Portmanteau (23): Chi^2(16)=15.328 [0.5007] in AR (7) indicates that residuals are independent and white noise. The ACF and PACF support the above result. None of bar chart is passing beyond the significant lines. Figure 11. ACF, PACF of AR (7) model on DLOMXH GiveWin Graphicsomxh ar.emf Before the formal test on ARCH effects in residuals of DLOMXH, the ACF and PACF graphs of squared residuals of DLOMXH provide evidences that ARCH effects exist in DLOMXH residuals. Figure 12. Squared residuals actual series, ACF and PACF GiveWin Graphicsomxh42.emf After the informal test of ARCH effects in residuals of DLOMXH based on ACF and PACF, it will test ARCH effects more academic. This report use Pc Give to test ARCH effect in lower order and higher order, and the results point out that there are ARCH effects in lower and higher order. ARCH 1-1 test: F(1,566) = 12.071 [0.0006]** ARCH 1-6 test: F(6,556) = 4.8959 [0.0001]** After ARCH effect test, the report tries to estimate an appropriate ARCH model. In this stage, it selects Volatility Models and chooses 7 as the lags of length. From ARCH1 to ARCH8, we can found that the Chi^2 becomes to be better and better, while the p-value of parameters are becomes to be worse and worse. None of the ARCH model can fit the data well. 4.2GARCH Model According to Brooks (2008), GARCH models can overcome some problems faced in the process of using ARCH models. GARCH (p, q) model with p and q values can fit the data better than ARCH (m) model with a high m value. It still uses Volatility Model with 7 lags as ARCH model used. At first, it gets the numerical information of GARCH (1, 1) model, GARCH (2, 1) model and GARCH (1, 2) from Volatility package of Pc Give. When checking the F distribution values and Chi^2 values of three models, it can found that all are acceptable (values are significant from zero). Unfortunately, there are some data missing related to parameters in all three models. So, it cannot compare p values of parameters to choose best model. Instead, it will use information includes results of ARCH tests, Portmanteau statistic of squared scaled residuals, log-likelihood and AIC values to find a better one. Table19.Compareable information of GARCH(p, q) GARCH(1,1) GARCH(2,1) GARCH(1,2) AIC -3.599 89604 -3.60415615 -3.59636247 log-likelihood 1029.77058 1031.97619 1029.77058 Portmanteau(23): Chi^2(21)=16.696 [0.7293] Chi^2(20)=14.329 [0.8135] Chi^2(20)= 16.696 [0.6726] ARCH 1-2 test: F(2,551)=0.10648 [0.8990] F(3,548)=0.075153 [0.9734] F(3,548) = 0.15031 [0.9295] Compared with other GARCH models, we can find that GARCH (2, 1) model is better; even neither model can fit data very well. GARCH (2, 1) is the model with lowest AIC value. The highest log-likelihood value in this model indicates that it can fit data best in the three. All of three Chi^2 are significant from zero, which means there are no relationships between residuals and they are white noise. The numbers in brackets are p values of Chi^2. The higher the value the greater evidence of white noise of squared scaled residuals. The ARCH effect test F distribution values are related to whether there are ARCH effects in squared scaled residuals. Similar with the Portmanteau sta tistic, a higher number in bracket means greater support of none ARCH effects in squared scaled residuals. 4.3Forecast with GARCH Models In this section, the last 15 observations will used to forecast the conditional mean and variances. SD (Standard Derivation Error) RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) will adopted to evaluate the accuracy of forecasting based on different GARCH models. A model with better data fitting is always has lower SD (Error). A low MSE indicates a better fit of GARCH model on time series data. MAPE is another indicator of accuracy on data fitting of GARCH model. When the value decreases, the model can fit the data better. In addition, the model with lower MAPE can predict the trend of data. The power to measure the data fitting of models is increasing from SD (Error), RMSE to MAPE. EGARCH (2, 1), GJR GARCH (2, 1) and H_TGARCH (2, 1) models were established to evaluate the efficiency of GARCH (2, 1). All can pass the processes of ARCH effect tests and white noise tests. Because GARCH model used to measure volatility of data, the ability of forecasting on co nditional mean is limited, and the key capability is volatility measurement. All models are doing badly in conditional mean forecasting: the predict graph can provide very limited information about conditional means that all are close to zero in the forecasting period and. When compared with forecasting capability, we can see that GJR GARCH (2, 1) is the model with lowest MAPE and second small RMSE. It indicates that GJR GARCH (2, 1) has strongest power for forecast. Table 20. RMSE and MAPE SD (Error) RMSE MAPE GARCH(2,1) 0.055276 0.055772 91.742 EGARCH(2,1) 0.055429 0.055814 91.422 GJR GARCH(2,1) 0.055220 0.055645 90.988 H_TGARACH(2,1) 0.055236 0.055396 94.793 Figure 13. GARCH(2, 1) forecast on conditional mean and variance THGARCH(2,1).emf Figure 14. EGARCH(2, 1) forecast on conditional mean and variance EGARCH(2,1).emf Figure 15. GJR GARCH(2, 1) forecast on conditional mean and variance th2,1.emf Fig ure 16. h_tGARCH (2, 1) forecast on conditional mean and variance GARCH(2,1)FORECAST.emf Reference Brooks, C., 2008. Introductory Econometrics for Finance. 2th edition. Cambridge. Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A., 1979. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74:427-431. Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A., 1981. Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Jouranl of Econometrica 49:1057-1072. Harris, R. and Sollis, R., 2003. Applied Time Series Modelling and Forecasting, John Wiley Sons, New York. MacKinnon, J., 1991. Critical values for co-integration tests, in R.F. Engle and C.W.J. Granger. Long-Run Economic Relationships: 267-276, Oxford University Press, Oxford ,UK. Perron, P., 1988. Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡Further evidence from a new approach. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Contro 12:297-332. Said, S.E. and Dickey D.A., 1984. Testing for unit roots in autoregressive-moving average models of unknow n order. Biometrika 71: 599-607.

Monetary Interests And Proeconomics - 874 Words

On the other hand, monetary interests, along with lobbying influenced United States Health Care system tremendously as well. For instance, the drug companies keep elevating their prices and there is no real factor that helps contain this problem. People in need of the drugs supplied by the companies have a necessity for them, so they will keep buying. The main reason for the companies being able to elevate their prices, is that they apply existing laws that enforces insurers to cover some of the pricing of all the expensive drugs to their advantage. There are numerous examples that show how companies had elevated their prices astronomically throughout the years. In the case of the company Novartis, they were charging $4.5 thousand dollars†¦show more content†¦Also, she found out that most hospitals were not able to give an actual estimate on the procedure: 60% of the 20 top-ranked hospitals called were able to give an estimate, and around 63% non-top ranked hospitals were ab le to give an estimate. It is important to mentioned that in most cases, the total pricing had to be acquired separately (a separate physician quote and a separate hospital quote), and on many occasions, after calling the hospital numerous times. This is just an example of how arduous it can be to shop around for a procedure. There are positive notes to highlight however. The aforementioned experiment showed that patients can really save money if they become more conscious buyers and if they commit themselves to do comparison shopping. Experts say that if consumers do so, they would influence on the pricing in the health care system. 4. Lymphoma Lymphoma is a type of cancer that happens when lymphocytes start acting abnormally. Lymphocytes are white blood cells that work to protect the body from infection and alien bodies, preventing disease. These are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. When Lymphoma cancer has started, the lymphocytes may start to divide and reproduce at abnormal rates, usually much faster than regular. Aside from the afore mentioned, lymphocytes in people who have lymphoma cancer may even exceed their supposed lifetime [i]. People that have a

Recording Interview and Report Local Area Network

Question: Discuss about the Recording Interview and Reportfor Local Area Network. Answer: Introduction Communication is an important component in a business organization. It is one of the ways upon which organizational goals are achieved. According to Herbert A. Simon (1947), effective communication is vital in bringing the dreams of the organization into reality. An effective way of communication is inclusive of all employees of an organization despite their cultural differences. Many businesses today have developed sophisticated methods of sharing information within. These include methods such as the application of Local Area Network (LAN), verbal engagements between employees and top management, and use of internet-enabled platforms such as e-mails, website, and the social media (Bernard, 2012). These digital structures of communication are vital in the today business world in order to reach a wider market. The roles of communication in an organization are invaluable. It is a concept that has been adopted by many management teams to perform their basic functions of motivating, planning, controlling and organizing. It is the foundation upon which organizational functions and directives are executed (Carol F, 2010). Herbert A. Simon (2011), No business can survive in isolation. Organizations need one another despite their differences. This is the idea Herbert postulated. Businesses need to share ideas for their own development. These can be in form of negotiations, conflict resolutions, presentation or brainstorming. However, it is important to note that there are several factors that can hinder effective organizational communication, notably, cultural differences. Therefore, such multi-cultural organizations need to set up proper systems of encoding messages to avoiding misinterpretation among its staff. This paper aims to study the communication issues of a tourism company with a pseudonymous name King Safaris. The study focuses on formulating interview questions that will help to generate information on how King Safaris deals with intercultural communication issues among its staff, how the company engages in group meetings, conflict resolutions within its staff, the criteria of engaging in negotiations and how different issues are presented within the organization (David, et, al. 2010). The notable area of focus in this study is how the company has managed to thrive despite the high number of its staff members being from different cultural backgrounds. The information is meant to be used as references to similar companies that have multi-cultural employees. Therefore, the study aims to discuss the structure of King Safaris and how they achieved effective communication despite the intercultural challenges. Methodologies of Collecting Information The information about King Safaris was collected from its website, promotional materials and conducting interviews with the management of the company via its official Facebook account and Skype. These methodologies proved cost effective because it reduced the amount of cash that would have been used in travelling up to the area where this tourism company operates. The research was meant to establish the organizational structure of the King Safaris, the kind of services it offers to its clients and its systems of communication among the staff members. The Structure of the King Safaris Tourism Company The King Safaris is a tourism company based in the East African Region. It is a tour operator that specializes in offering travel services to tourists across the East African region. Their main destinations include game reserves/parks, lakes, slum tours among other areas of interests. The company has a huge number of staff members who are experts in tour guides, especially in Hospitality Management. The staff members are equally distributed in the region to ensure efficiency in the delivery of their services to their customers. The head offices are spread across the region to ensure efficient line of command. The company has a robust team of managers. The managers head the different departments that work mutually in executing the responsibilities bestowed unto them. Some of the notable departments are The Tour and Travel Department, Human Resource Department and the Finance Department. Each of these departments is headed by a junior manager who is answerable to their headquarters headed by the Chief Executive Officer, who is the regional coordinator of the company. Moreover, each department has its own subordinate staffs who implement the policies of the company. It was also found that the companys staff is multi-cultural. Many of the staff members come from different cultural backgrounds not only from the region but also from the Diaspora. Though it may look like a challenge, the intercultural differences have not hindered the level of communication within the company (Judith, 2009). Otherwise, so many initiatives have been employed in order to reduce gaps in communication. Some of the initiatives include training in a particular language, use of well-established systems of communication and the cultural interactions events. The most important component of success in King Safaris is how the company believes in communication as a way of tackling their daily challenges despite their differences. For instance, this company elaborates structures that help in problem solving. Departmental meetings are frequently held to iron out arising issues in all departments and solutions found. This has gone in reducing ill feelings among members of the company as a whole. Reporting The Interview Questions From the findings of the study, it was found out that King Safaris systems of communication have enabled it to ascertain some of the organizational goals. Therefore, this paper aims at formulating interview questions in this section that are geared towards addressing the following communication issues in an organization. Intercultural communication Negotiations Conflict resolution issues Presentations Group discussions/meetings (formal or informal) Intercultural Communication Issue Intercultural communication refers to communication between people of different social groups. It mainly revolves around how culture affects communication in the society. It is imperative to note that some of the social factors that affect communication include religion, ethnic identity, educational backgrounds to mention but a few (Michael, 2009). In a business organization people of different cultural practices need to learn to coexist without hurting other peoples ethnic inclinations. For instance in communication, the business organization should come up with system of communications that are all inclusive. According to David R. Evans et al (2010), a proper interview question on the issue above must be design in a manner that it elicits the intended response from the interviewee without being offensive. Some of the questions that can be put forward to a business organization on the issue include: Being the manager of this company, can you explain some of the problems that occur during communication in this multi-cultural organization? What are some of the initiatives that have been put in place by the company to reduce misinterpretation of information, especially when two or more people of different cultural background address one another? Is it correct to conclude that cultural issues can affect communication among the staff members in a business organization, if not well taken care of? Trust and, or Conflict Resolution Issue. Communication in a business organization can help build trust among the staff members. Through this, effective communication can help solve conflicts among members of the company thus ensuring mutual coexistence (Emilia, 2012). In a multi-cultural organization trust and conflict, resolution systems must be built in order to reduce ill feelings and suspicion among members. Trust is a challenging virtue to build in an organization with people from different origins. For any meaningful work to be achieved in an organization, the staff must uphold utmost good faith amongst them. This will go along in solving communication gaps amicably. Some of the interview questions include: How has this organization managed to build trust among the staff members being that most of them come from different cultural backgrounds? What are some of the methods of resolving conflicts among members if in any case, such conflicts occur? Are the methods structured or informal? Elaborate if there is a direct link between the level of trust within an organization and the performance of the employees in all departments. Group Discussions/meetings A business organization should encourage brainstorming among its staff. Group discussions encourage the free expression of members of the group without fear of prejudice. It is a forum that can be used to bring the best out of business employees, by encouraging innovation and articulation among the companys employees (Ethan John, 2009). Meeting types that an organization can have include; Decision Making Meetings, Problem Solving Meetings, Status Update Meetings, Information Sharing Meetings and Innovation Meetings. For example, these meetings are designed in with specific roles as suggest their names. Some of the interview questions that can be asked over this communication issue include: Does the company embrace group discussions among its employees as a way of reducing communication gaps? What are the benefits of having group discussions in a multi-cultural organization like this one? Are there instances when group discussions have failed to achieve their intended purposes? How does the company cope with such failures? What form of group discussion does the company employ? Is it formal or informal? What are some of the merits of the discussion method employed by your company? Negotiation Negotiation is a formal method of reaching an agreement between people or a group of people. It is one method of conflict resolutions in a business organization or any given institution. In a well-established organization, always a negotiator can be relied upon in case their services are required(Ike Julie, 2010). It is therefore imperative for any business organization to educate its individual staff members the importance of recognizing the special needs or challenges that may arise, such as cultural issues or external constraints that may affect their working relations, and how they can negotiate together if they meet such challenges in their working environment. Some of the interviews questions that an interviewer can ask a business firm over this issue are: Does this company embrace negotiation as a way of reaching agreement among its staff? How has negotiation helped to reduce communication gaps among the staff of this company especially when it comes to conflict resolution? In a yes or no answer, is negotiation a communication issue in an organization if not well taken off? Presentations and, or Persuasion This is the process of expressing one's idea. It can take the form of persuasion, command or even coercion. Depending on how one presents their opinion, it can be interpreted to mean good intentions or ill motives. In a business environment where people come from the different cultural background, it is important to learn how to express your sentiments without appearing offensive to the receivers (Herbert, 2011). A joke may be perceived offensive if not well presented, a request may be seen as coercion if not well put and persuasion be perceived as harassment. Therefore, businesses with multi-cultural staff should put in systems that reduce communication gaps during presentations. An interviewer can ask some of the questions below in order to establish whether the presentation is a communication issue: Does this company have forums where people present their views concerning the general administration of the company? Are there circumstances when an employee has felt offended with how a colleague expressed himself/herself? If yes, how did the company cope with such a misunderstanding? The presentation is an important issue in communication. Elaborate how presentation among staff has helped the organization to move forward and some of the challenges witnessed. Conclusion Any business organization needs to carefully choose its systems of communication in order to reduce the communication gaps that can be witnessed. Many multi-cultural organizations can face the challenge of messages being misinterpreted by its staff if proper systems of communication are not well taken care of (Harvard Business Review, 2011). Communication issues that have been discussed in this paper can pose a challenge if not well addressed. A case study of King Safaris is an example of business firms that have proven that intercultural differences or conflict resolution issues can be resolved without interrupting the performance of the organization. Moreover, the interview questions in this study are very crucial in eliciting required responses from business firms as a way of getting information on the various communication issues affecting many business entities. Success of a business is proportionally related to communication. Recommendations This study focuses on giving recommendations to business organizations that have challenges in communication. Some of the strategies highlighted below can go a long way in helping needy organizations. An organization should try as much as possible to have a common language of communication. This may involve training those who are not conversant with the official language of the organization. Developing a cultural day within the organization. It allows the employees to show case their cultural way of life. This helps others to learn and appreciate the culture of their colleagues. Establishing effective systems of communications within the firm that are accepted by all. These help to reduce cultural prejudice. This may include frequent departmental meetings, having counseling departments for guidance among other strategies. Training the staff on the importance of developing good listening and communication skills in order to avoid ambiguity when presenting a suggestion. References Bernard T. (2012). Power Listening: Mastering Critical Business Skill of All. N.Y. Print. Carol F. (2010). It is the Way You Say It: Becoming Articulate, Well-spoken and Clear. American Management Association. Print David, et, al. (2010). Essential Interviewing: A Programmed Approach to Effective Communication. Print Emilia (2012). How to Turn Down Your Volume to Turn Up Your Communication Skills. Print. Ethan John .W (2009). Mastering Communication at Work: How to Lead, Manage, and Influence. Print. Harvard Business Review (2011). Communicating Effectively. Journal Herbert A. Simon (2011). Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization. New York. Print Ike Julie. S (2010). Words That Work in Business: A Practical Guide to Effective Communication in the Workplace. Print. Judith P. (2009). Communication: The Key to Effective Leadership. New York. Print Michael P. (2009).The Lost Art of Listening: How Learning to Listen Can Improve Relationships. New York. Print.

What Is a Professional Presentation?

What Is a Professional Presentation?A professional presentation is more than just a presentation. A professional presentation is much more than a well written introduction or summary. Presentation is a way of communicating your ideas to the people who will be hearing it. Presentation includes many elements.One of the most basic elements of a professional presentation is the use of visuals. They can be anything from a slide show to a video of yourself. An effective visual will be an aid to conveying your message.Another communicative element is your speaking style. You need to know your speaking style. The style you use is determined by your abilities and interests.The importance of listening is an important factor in every professional presentation. By carefully listening, you will be able to capture your listener's attention and keep it. Listening is a skill that you can improve.There are many other elements that are part of a professional presentation. These elements can include re search, information, communication, audio-visual and time management. All of these components must work together for a professional presentation to be successful.No matter what the type of professional presentation you are giving, there are things you need to know. In order to make a professional presentation, you need to develop an understanding of what it takes to give a professional presentation. Knowing what you need to do to make your presentation a success is a critical first step to making it a success.In addition to knowing the appropriate style of presentation, you also need to know the basic elements of how to create a professional presentation. These include attention grabbing graphics, effective visuals, quality listening, clear and concise information, strong visuals, good audio and a good story. You also need to have an understanding of the many other skills needed to help you create a professional presentation.As you begin your preparation, you will want to find the r ight tools. Tools will help you get your presentation off the ground faster and smoother. This includes reference materials, sample materials, templates and many others.